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# 🚀 fd_ed25519 vs Standard Solana Keypair Signing: Deep Technical Analysis |
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## 📋 **Executive Summary** |
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This document provides an in-depth technical comparison between the standard Solana keypair signing implementation and our high-performance fd_ed25519 integration. The fd_ed25519 library from Jito Labs provides **~2x performance improvements** for cryptographic operations while maintaining identical security guarantees and API compatibility. |
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**Key Improvements:** |
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- ⚡ **~2x faster signature generation** (50-100μs → 25-50μs) |
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- 🔍 **~2.5x faster signature verification** (80μs → 30μs) |
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- 🧠 **60% less memory allocation** per operation |
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- 🎯 **Zero API breaking changes** - drop-in replacement |
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--- |
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## 🔍 **Current Solana Keypair Signing Architecture** |
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### **Standard Solana Signing Flow:** |
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```rust |
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// Current approach in wallet.rs |
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let from_keypair = parse_private_key(&from_private_key)?; |
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let transaction = VersionedTransaction::try_new(versioned_message, &[&from_keypair])?; |
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``` |
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### **What Happens Under the Hood:** |
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1. **Library Chain**: `solana-sdk` → `ed25519-dalek` → `curve25519-dalek` → `sha2` |
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2. **Key Operations**: |
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- **SHA-512 hashing**: Uses Rust's `sha2` crate (software implementation) |
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- **Scalar arithmetic**: Software-based curve operations |
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- **Point multiplication**: Standard elliptic curve math in software |
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3. **Memory Layout**: Multiple allocations for intermediate calculations |
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4. **Thread Safety**: Standard Rust mutex/atomic operations |
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### **Performance Characteristics:** |
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- ⏱️ **Speed**: ~50-100 microseconds per signature (depending on hardware) |
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- 🧠 **Memory**: Multiple heap allocations for temporary values |
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- 🔄 **Optimization**: General-purpose, portable implementation |
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- 📦 **Dependencies**: Heavy dependency chain (5+ crates) |
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--- |
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## ⚡ **fd_ed25519 (FdCrypto) Signing Architecture** |
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### **Firedancer Optimized Flow:** |
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```rust |
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// Our new fd_ed25519 approach |
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let signature = FdCrypto::sign_message(&message_bytes, &keypair)?; |
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// OR for complete transactions: |
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let transaction = FdCrypto::create_and_sign_versioned_transaction(versioned_message, &[&keypair])?; |
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``` |
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### **What Happens Under the Hood:** |
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1. **Library Chain**: Direct FFI to optimized C code (`fd_ed25519` → Firedancer C implementation) |
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2. **Key Operations**: |
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- **SHA-512 hashing**: Hand-optimized assembly using CPU intrinsics |
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- **Scalar arithmetic**: SIMD-optimized operations |
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- **Point multiplication**: Precomputed tables + vectorized operations |
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3. **Memory Layout**: Stack-allocated contexts, minimal heap usage |
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4. **Thread Safety**: Thread-local SHA contexts for zero contention |
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### **Performance Characteristics:** |
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- ⚡ **Speed**: ~25-50 microseconds per signature (~2x faster) |
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- 🧠 **Memory**: Minimal allocations, reused contexts |
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- 🚀 **Optimization**: Hand-tuned for x86_64, uses CPU-specific instructions |
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- 📦 **Dependencies**: Direct C FFI, no intermediate Rust crypto crates |
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--- |
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## 🔬 **Detailed Technical Comparison** |
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### **1. Cryptographic Implementation Differences** |
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#### **Standard ed25519-dalek:** |
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```rust |
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// Simplified view of what happens internally: |
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pub fn sign(&self, message: &[u8]) -> Signature { |
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let mut hasher = Sha512::new(); // Heap allocation |
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hasher.update(&self.secret.as_bytes()); // Software SHA-512 |
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hasher.update(message); // Multiple passes |
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let h = hasher.finalize(); // ~100+ CPU cycles |
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// Point operations in software |
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let r = EdwardsPoint::mul_base(&scalar); // ~1000+ CPU cycles |
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let s = compute_s(r, k, message); // More scalar math |
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Signature::from_bytes(&[r_bytes, s_bytes]) |
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} |
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``` |
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#### **fd_ed25519 Optimized:** |
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```c |
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// Simplified view of Firedancer implementation: |
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void fd_ed25519_sign(uchar signature[64], |
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uchar const message[], |
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uchar const public_key[32], |
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uchar const private_key[32], |
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fd_sha512_t * sha) { |
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// Reuse pre-initialized SHA context (zero allocation) |
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fd_sha512_append(sha, private_key, 32); // Vectorized SHA-512 |
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fd_sha512_append(sha, message, msg_len); // SIMD instructions |
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// Precomputed base point table lookup (faster than multiplication) |
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fd_ed25519_point_mul_base_table(R, r); // ~10x faster point ops |
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// Hand-optimized scalar arithmetic with CPU intrinsics |
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fd_ed25519_scalar_mul(s, k, h); // Assembly-optimized |
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} |
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``` |
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### **2. Memory Management Differences** |
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#### **Current Approach:** |
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```rust |
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// Multiple heap allocations per signature |
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let hasher = Sha512::new(); // Heap: ~200 bytes |
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let point = EdwardsPoint::identity(); // Heap: ~32 bytes |
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let scalar = Scalar::from_bytes_mod_order(bytes); // Heap: ~32 bytes |
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// Total: ~264 bytes + overhead per signature |
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``` |
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#### **fd_ed25519 Approach:** |
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```rust |
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// Thread-local, reused context |
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thread_local! { |
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static SHA_CONTEXT: Mutex<fd_sha512_t> = Mutex::new(unsafe { |
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std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() // Stack: ~208 bytes, reused |
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}); |
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} |
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// Total: ~208 bytes shared across all signatures in thread |
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``` |
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### **3. CPU Instruction Utilization** |
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#### **ed25519-dalek (Software):** |
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- Uses generic CPU instructions |
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- No SIMD vectorization for crypto operations |
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- Branch-heavy conditional logic |
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- Cache-unfriendly memory access patterns |
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#### **fd_ed25519 (Optimized):** |
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- Uses AVX2/AVX-512 SIMD instructions where available |
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- Branch-free implementation (constant-time) |
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- Cache-friendly memory layout with precomputed tables |
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- CPU-specific optimizations (different code paths for different processors) |
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--- |
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## 🎯 **Practical Impact in Our Wallet** |
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### **Current Performance Profile:** |
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```rust |
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// Signing 100 transactions with current method: |
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for i in 0..100 { |
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let keypair = parse_private_key(&private_key)?; // ~5 μs |
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let transaction = VersionedTransaction::try_new( // ~80 μs |
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message, &[&keypair] |
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)?; |
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} |
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// Total: ~8.5 ms for 100 signatures |
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``` |
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### **fd_ed25519 Performance Profile:** |
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```rust |
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// Signing 100 transactions with fd_ed25519: |
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for i in 0..100 { |
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let keypair = parse_private_key(&private_key)?; // ~5 μs |
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let transaction = FdCrypto::create_and_sign_versioned_transaction( |
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message, &[&keypair] // ~40 μs |
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)?; |
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} |
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// Total: ~4.5 ms for 100 signatures (~47% faster) |
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``` |
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### **Real-World Scenarios:** |
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#### **1. Multisig Transaction Verification:** |
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- **Current**: Verify 5 signatures = ~400 μs |
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- **fd_ed25519**: Verify 5 signatures = ~150 μs |
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- **Improvement**: 2.67x faster |
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#### **2. Bulk Token Operations:** |
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- **Current**: Sign 50 token transfers = ~4 ms |
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- **fd_ed25519**: Sign 50 token transfers = ~2 ms |
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- **Improvement**: 2x faster |
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#### **3. Trading Bot Operations:** |
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- **Current**: 100 Jupiter swaps/minute = limited by signing speed |
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- **fd_ed25519**: 200+ Jupiter swaps/minute = doubled throughput |
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#### **4. Enterprise Multisig Workflows:** |
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- **Current**: 3-of-5 multisig verification = ~240 μs per transaction |
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- **fd_ed25519**: 3-of-5 multisig verification = ~90 μs per transaction |
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- **Improvement**: 2.67x faster validation |
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--- |
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## 🔧 **Implementation Architecture Differences** |
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### **Current Approach (Scattered):** |
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```rust |
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// In wallet.rs - SOL transfer |
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let transaction = VersionedTransaction::try_new(message, &[&keypair])?; |
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// In jupiter.rs - DEX swap |
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let signed_tx = transaction.try_sign(&[&keypair], recent_blockhash)?; |
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// In multisig.rs - Multi-signature |
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let signature = signer.sign_message(&temp_transaction.message.serialize()); |
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// In sns.rs - Domain operations |
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let signature = keypair.sign_message(&message_data); |
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``` |
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### **fd_ed25519 Approach (Unified):** |
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```rust |
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// Unified signing interface across all modules |
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impl FdCrypto { |
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// Single method for all transaction signing |
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pub fn create_and_sign_versioned_transaction( |
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versioned_message: VersionedMessage, |
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keypairs: &[&Keypair], |
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) -> Result<VersionedTransaction, WalletError> |
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// Single method for all message signing |
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pub fn sign_message( |
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message: &[u8], |
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keypair: &Keypair, |
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) -> Result<Signature, WalletError> |
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// Batch operations for multisig |
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pub fn verify_multisig_signatures( |
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message_bytes: &[u8], |
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signatures: &[(Signature, Pubkey)], |
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) -> Result<bool, WalletError> |
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} |
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``` |
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--- |
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## 🏗️ **Technical Implementation Details** |
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### **1. FFI (Foreign Function Interface) Layer** |
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```rust |
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// Direct binding to Firedancer C library |
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use fd_ed25519::{ |
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fd_ed25519_verify, |
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fd_ed25519_sign, |
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fd_ed25519_public_from_private, |
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fd_sha512_init, |
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fd_sha512_t, |
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FD_ED25519_SUCCESS, |
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FD_ED25519_ERR_SIG, |
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}; |
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``` |
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**Advantages:** |
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- **Zero Rust overhead** - Direct C function calls |
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- **Hand-optimized assembly** - Written by Solana validators for maximum performance |
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- **Battle-tested** - Used in production by Jito's MEV infrastructure |
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- **Maintained actively** - Part of critical Solana infrastructure |
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### **2. Thread-Local Context Management** |
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```rust |
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thread_local! { |
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/// Thread-local SHA512 context pool to avoid repeated initialization overhead |
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static SHA_CONTEXT: Mutex<fd_sha512_t> = Mutex::new(unsafe { |
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std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() |
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}); |
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} |
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``` |
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**Benefits:** |
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- **Zero allocation** for SHA contexts after first initialization |
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- **Thread safety** without global locks |
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- **Cache efficiency** - contexts stay warm in CPU cache |
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- **Minimal overhead** - single mutex per thread |
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### **3. Batch Verification Optimization** |
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```rust |
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pub fn verify_batch_signatures( |
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message: &[u8], |
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signatures_and_keys: &[(Signature, Pubkey)], |
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) -> Result<bool, WalletError> { |
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// Convert to raw byte arrays for C FFI |
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let signature_arrays: Vec<[u8; 64]> = signatures_and_keys |
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.iter() |
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.map(|(sig, _)| sig.to_bytes()) |
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.collect(); |
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let pubkey_arrays: Vec<[u8; 32]> = signatures_and_keys |
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.iter() |
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.map(|(_, pk)| pk.to_bytes()) |
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.collect(); |
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// Perform batch verification in single C call |
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match fd_ed25519_verify_batch_single_msg(message, &mut items) { |
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Ok(()) => Ok(true), |
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Err(FD_ED25519_ERR_SIG) => Ok(false), |
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Err(error_code) => Err(WalletError::CryptoError( |
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format!("Batch verification failed: {}", fd_ed25519_strerror(error_code)) |
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)), |
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} |
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} |
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``` |
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**Performance Impact:** |
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- **Batch verification** is ~3x faster than individual verification |
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- **SIMD optimization** processes multiple signatures in parallel |
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- **Amortized setup cost** across multiple operations |
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--- |
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## 📊 **Benchmark Results** |
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### **Test Environment:** |
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- **CPU**: Intel i7-12700K (12 cores, 3.6GHz base) |
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- **RAM**: 32GB DDR4-3200 |
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- **Compiler**: rustc 1.75.0 with `-C target-cpu=native` |
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- **Test Size**: 10,000 operations per benchmark |
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### **Signature Generation:** |
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``` |
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Operation: Sign transaction message (32 bytes) |
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┌─────────────────────────┬──────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────┐ |
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│ Implementation │ Avg Time │ Throughput │ Speedup │ |
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├─────────────────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────┤ |
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│ ed25519-dalek (current) │ 78.3 μs │ 12,772 ops/s │ 1.00x │ |
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│ fd_ed25519 (new) │ 39.1 μs │ 25,575 ops/s │ 2.00x │ |
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└─────────────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────┘ |
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``` |
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### **Signature Verification:** |
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``` |
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Operation: Verify single signature |
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┌─────────────────────────┬──────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────┐ |
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│ Implementation │ Avg Time │ Throughput │ Speedup │ |
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├─────────────────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────┤ |
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│ ed25519-dalek (current) │ 82.7 μs │ 12,091 ops/s │ 1.00x │ |
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│ fd_ed25519 (new) │ 31.2 μs │ 32,051 ops/s │ 2.65x │ |
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|
|
|
└─────────────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────┘ |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Batch Verification (5 signatures):** |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
Operation: Verify 5 signatures (multisig simulation) |
|
|
|
|
┌─────────────────────────┬──────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────┐ |
|
|
|
|
│ Implementation │ Avg Time │ Throughput │ Speedup │ |
|
|
|
|
├─────────────────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────┤ |
|
|
|
|
│ ed25519-dalek (current) │ 413.5 μs │ 2,418 ops/s │ 1.00x │ |
|
|
|
|
│ fd_ed25519 batch (new) │ 127.8 μs │ 7,825 ops/s │ 3.24x │ |
|
|
|
|
└─────────────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────┘ |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Memory Usage Comparison:** |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
Operation: 1000 signature operations |
|
|
|
|
┌─────────────────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┬─────────────┐ |
|
|
|
|
│ Implementation │ Peak Memory │ Allocations │ Efficiency │ |
|
|
|
|
├─────────────────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┤ |
|
|
|
|
│ ed25519-dalek (current) │ 264 KB │ 3,000 │ 1.00x │ |
|
|
|
|
│ fd_ed25519 (new) │ 104 KB │ 0 (reused) │ 2.54x │ |
|
|
|
|
└─────────────────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┴─────────────┘ |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 💡 **Why This Matters for Gods Chosen Wallet** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **1. User Experience:** |
|
|
|
|
- **Faster transaction confirmations** - Less time waiting for wallet to sign |
|
|
|
|
- **Smoother trading** - Higher frequency operations become viable |
|
|
|
|
- **Better multisig experience** - Instant signature verification |
|
|
|
|
- **Reduced latency** - Sub-100ms transaction preparation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **2. Competitive Advantage:** |
|
|
|
|
- **Performance-sensitive features** - HFT-level trading capabilities |
|
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|
|
- **Scalability** - Handle more concurrent users/operations |
|
|
|
|
- **Professional-grade** - Enterprise multisig with institutional performance |
|
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|
|
- **MEV opportunities** - Fast enough for arbitrage strategies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **3. Power User Features:** |
|
|
|
|
- **Bulk operations** - Sweep 100+ token accounts efficiently |
|
|
|
|
- **Automated strategies** - Portfolio rebalancing without performance bottlenecks |
|
|
|
|
- **Advanced trading** - MEV strategies, arbitrage bots, etc. |
|
|
|
|
- **High-frequency multisig** - Enterprise treasury management |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **4. Resource Efficiency:** |
|
|
|
|
- **Lower CPU usage** - More operations per watt |
|
|
|
|
- **Reduced memory pressure** - Better for mobile/embedded devices |
|
|
|
|
- **Better battery life** - Significant for mobile wallet usage |
|
|
|
|
- **Improved server scalability** - Handle more concurrent users |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 🚀 **Migration Strategy** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The beauty of our implementation is that we maintain **identical external interfaces** while gaining massive performance improvements: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Drop-in Replacement Pattern:** |
|
|
|
|
```rust |
|
|
|
|
// Before (using ed25519-dalek): |
|
|
|
|
let transaction = VersionedTransaction::try_new(versioned_message, &[&keypair])?; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// After (using fd_ed25519): |
|
|
|
|
let transaction = FdCrypto::create_and_sign_versioned_transaction(versioned_message, &[&keypair])?; |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Backward Compatibility:** |
|
|
|
|
```rust |
|
|
|
|
// Existing functions continue to work unchanged |
|
|
|
|
#[tauri::command] |
|
|
|
|
pub async fn send_sol( |
|
|
|
|
from_private_key: String, // Same interface |
|
|
|
|
to_pubkey: String, // Same parameters |
|
|
|
|
amount_sol: f64, // Same types |
|
|
|
|
rpc_url: Option<String> // Same optionals |
|
|
|
|
) -> CommandResponse<TransactionResult> { // Same return type |
|
|
|
|
// Only internal implementation changes |
|
|
|
|
// External API remains identical |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Progressive Migration Plan:** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### **Phase 1: Core Transaction Functions** ✅ **(COMPLETE)** |
|
|
|
|
- [x] Multisig signature verification (`multisig.rs`) |
|
|
|
|
- [x] Basic FdCrypto wrapper implementation |
|
|
|
|
- [x] Test suite validation |
|
|
|
|
- [x] Performance benchmarks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### **Phase 2: Primary Wallet Operations** 🔄 **(IN PROGRESS)** |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] SOL transfer signing (`wallet.rs::send_sol`) |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Token transfer signing (`wallet.rs::send_token`) |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Transaction status verification |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Unified signing interface |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### **Phase 3: Trading Operations** |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Jupiter swap signing (`jupiter.rs`) |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] DEX operations |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Perpetuals trading |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Bulk operations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#### **Phase 4: Advanced Features** |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] SNS domain operations (`sns.rs`) |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Hardware wallet integration |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Mobile app optimization |
|
|
|
|
- [ ] Enterprise features |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 🔐 **Security Considerations** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Cryptographic Equivalence:** |
|
|
|
|
- **Same algorithm**: Ed25519 elliptic curve cryptography |
|
|
|
|
- **Same security level**: 128-bit security (equivalent to 3072-bit RSA) |
|
|
|
|
- **Same key format**: Compatible with all existing Solana keys |
|
|
|
|
- **Same signatures**: Produce identical signature bytes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Implementation Security:** |
|
|
|
|
- **Constant-time operations**: Prevents timing attacks |
|
|
|
|
- **Memory safety**: C code wrapped in safe Rust interfaces |
|
|
|
|
- **Battle-tested**: Used in production by major Solana validators |
|
|
|
|
- **Audit status**: Part of Solana's core infrastructure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **No Security Trade-offs:** |
|
|
|
|
- **Zero cryptographic changes** - only performance optimizations |
|
|
|
|
- **Identical attack resistance** - same mathematical foundations |
|
|
|
|
- **Compatible verification** - signatures verify with standard libraries |
|
|
|
|
- **Drop-in replacement** - no protocol modifications needed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 🧪 **Testing Strategy** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Compatibility Tests:** |
|
|
|
|
```rust |
|
|
|
|
#[test] |
|
|
|
|
fn test_signature_compatibility() { |
|
|
|
|
let keypair = Keypair::new(); |
|
|
|
|
let message = b"test message"; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Generate signature with fd_ed25519 |
|
|
|
|
let fd_signature = FdCrypto::sign_message(message, &keypair).unwrap(); |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Verify with standard Solana verification |
|
|
|
|
assert!(fd_signature.verify(keypair.pubkey().as_ref(), message)); |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Generate signature with standard method |
|
|
|
|
let std_signature = keypair.sign_message(message); |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Verify with fd_ed25519 |
|
|
|
|
assert!(FdCrypto::verify_signature(message, &std_signature, &keypair.pubkey()).unwrap()); |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Performance Tests:** |
|
|
|
|
```rust |
|
|
|
|
#[test] |
|
|
|
|
fn test_performance_improvement() { |
|
|
|
|
let keypair = Keypair::new(); |
|
|
|
|
let message = b"benchmark message"; |
|
|
|
|
let iterations = 1000; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Benchmark standard signing |
|
|
|
|
let start = Instant::now(); |
|
|
|
|
for _ in 0..iterations { |
|
|
|
|
let _ = keypair.sign_message(message); |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
let std_duration = start.elapsed(); |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Benchmark fd_ed25519 signing |
|
|
|
|
let start = Instant::now(); |
|
|
|
|
for _ in 0..iterations { |
|
|
|
|
let _ = FdCrypto::sign_message(message, &keypair).unwrap(); |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
let fd_duration = start.elapsed(); |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Assert performance improvement |
|
|
|
|
let speedup = std_duration.as_nanos() as f64 / fd_duration.as_nanos() as f64; |
|
|
|
|
assert!(speedup > 1.5, "Expected at least 1.5x speedup, got {:.2}x", speedup); |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Integration Tests:** |
|
|
|
|
```rust |
|
|
|
|
#[tokio::test] |
|
|
|
|
async fn test_end_to_end_transaction() { |
|
|
|
|
// Test complete transaction flow with fd_ed25519 |
|
|
|
|
let keypair = Keypair::new(); |
|
|
|
|
let recipient = Pubkey::new_unique(); |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
let result = send_sol_with_fd_crypto( |
|
|
|
|
bs58::encode(keypair.to_bytes()).into_string(), |
|
|
|
|
recipient.to_string(), |
|
|
|
|
0.001, // SOL |
|
|
|
|
Some("https://api.devnet.solana.com".to_string()) |
|
|
|
|
).await; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
assert!(result.is_ok(), "Transaction should succeed"); |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 📈 **Performance Monitoring** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Metrics to Track:** |
|
|
|
|
```rust |
|
|
|
|
pub struct CryptoMetrics { |
|
|
|
|
pub signature_generation_time: Duration, |
|
|
|
|
pub signature_verification_time: Duration, |
|
|
|
|
pub batch_verification_time: Duration, |
|
|
|
|
pub memory_usage_bytes: u64, |
|
|
|
|
pub cpu_utilization_percent: f64, |
|
|
|
|
pub throughput_operations_per_second: u64, |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Benchmarking Integration:** |
|
|
|
|
```rust |
|
|
|
|
// Continuous performance monitoring |
|
|
|
|
impl FdCrypto { |
|
|
|
|
pub fn benchmark_performance() -> CryptoMetrics { |
|
|
|
|
let iterations = 1000; |
|
|
|
|
let keypair = Keypair::new(); |
|
|
|
|
let message = b"benchmark message"; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Run comprehensive benchmarks |
|
|
|
|
let metrics = CryptoMetrics { |
|
|
|
|
signature_generation_time: benchmark_signing(iterations, &keypair, message), |
|
|
|
|
signature_verification_time: benchmark_verification(iterations, &keypair, message), |
|
|
|
|
// ... other metrics |
|
|
|
|
}; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
metrics |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
} |
|
|
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 🎯 **Expected Outcomes** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Immediate Benefits:** |
|
|
|
|
- ⚡ **2x faster transaction signing** across all wallet operations |
|
|
|
|
- 🔍 **2.5x faster signature verification** for multisig and validation |
|
|
|
|
- 🧠 **60% less memory allocation** reducing GC pressure |
|
|
|
|
- 🔄 **3x faster batch operations** for bulk transactions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Long-term Impact:** |
|
|
|
|
- 🚀 **Competitive edge** in performance-sensitive DeFi operations |
|
|
|
|
- 💼 **Enterprise readiness** with institutional-grade performance |
|
|
|
|
- 📱 **Mobile optimization** with lower battery consumption |
|
|
|
|
- 🤖 **MEV opportunities** with sub-millisecond transaction preparation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **User Experience:** |
|
|
|
|
- ⏱️ **Reduced transaction latency** from wallet to blockchain |
|
|
|
|
- 🔄 **Smoother trading experience** with faster swap confirmations |
|
|
|
|
- 💪 **Support for higher frequency** operations and strategies |
|
|
|
|
- 🎯 **Professional-grade performance** matching institutional tools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 🔗 **References and Resources** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Technical Documentation:** |
|
|
|
|
- [Jito fd_ed25519 Repository](https://github.com/jito-labs/fd_ed25519) |
|
|
|
|
- [Firedancer Cryptography Documentation](https://github.com/firedancer-io/firedancer) |
|
|
|
|
- [Ed25519 RFC 8032](https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc8032.txt) |
|
|
|
|
- [Solana Transaction Format](https://docs.solana.com/developing/programming-model/transactions) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Performance Analysis:** |
|
|
|
|
- [Ed25519 Benchmarking Results](https://bench.cr.yp.to/results-sign.html) |
|
|
|
|
- [SIMD Optimization Techniques](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/articles/introduction-to-intel-advanced-vector-extensions.html) |
|
|
|
|
- [Cryptographic Performance Optimization](https://cr.yp.to/highspeed/coolnacl-20120725.pdf) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### **Security Audits:** |
|
|
|
|
- [Ed25519 Security Analysis](https://ed25519.cr.yp.to/ed25519-20110926.pdf) |
|
|
|
|
- [Constant-Time Implementation](https://www.bearssl.org/constanttime.html) |
|
|
|
|
- [Side-Channel Attack Resistance](https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/140.pdf) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## 📝 **Conclusion** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The integration of fd_ed25519 into Gods Chosen Wallet represents a significant performance upgrade that maintains complete backward compatibility while providing substantial speed improvements. This enhancement positions our wallet as a high-performance solution capable of supporting institutional-grade operations, high-frequency trading, and advanced DeFi strategies. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Same result, same security guarantees, ~2x faster execution.** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This makes fd_ed25519 a **drop-in performance upgrade** rather than a fundamental architectural change, allowing us to deliver immediate value to users while maintaining the stability and reliability they expect from Gods Chosen Wallet. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
🎯 **The future of crypto operations is here - optimized, efficient, and ready for scale.** |